Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)*

Educational Information for Biewer Terrier Owners

What is Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)?

Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a progressive, painless, and incurable neurological disease affecting the spinal cord. The condition resembles ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease) in humans and causes degeneration of the myelin sheath that protects spinal nerves.

DM is more commonly associated with large breeds, although smaller breeds can be affected. It is associated with a specific mutation that can be tested. There are breeds, including the Biewer Terrier, that may carry the mutation, though the clinical significance in these breeds remains uncertain, and documented disease has not been reported to date. It remains an important genetic health concern being actively monitored in the Biewer Terrier. Because Biewers often enjoy long lifespans into their senior years, awareness of this potential late-onset disease is especially important for owners and breeders.

Clinical Signs

Typical Age of Onset: 8–14 Years

Early Signs

  • Mild swaying or weakness in the hind limbs
  • “Knuckling” or dragging of rear paws
  • Uneven toenail wear
  • Difficulty rising or maintaining balance

Important: These signs need to be differentiated from luxating patella and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD).

Advanced Signs

  • Rear-leg muscle wasting (atrophy)
  • Crossing of rear legs while walking
  • Progressive loss of hind-limb coordination
  • Eventual paralysis of the rear limbs

Current Treatment & Management

No Cure Currently Exists

There is presently no medical cure capable of reversing spinal cord degeneration associated with DM. However, supportive care and rehabilitation may help preserve mobility and quality of life for affected dogs.

Physical Rehabilitation

Early and consistent rehabilitation therapy — especially hydrotherapy or underwater treadmill therapy — has shown the greatest benefit in delaying muscle wasting and maintaining function.

Emerging Research

  • Neuroprotective medications used in human ALS treatment
  • Stem-cell therapies
  • Photobiomodulation (laser therapy)

These approaches aim to protect surviving nerve cells and slow disease progression.

Mobility & Home Support

Many lightweight breeds adapt well to mobility assistance devices such as custom carts. Additional home modifications may improve comfort and safety:

  • Yoga mats or runners on slippery flooring
  • Orthopedic bedding
  • Assisted mobility harnesses
  • Environmental support to reduce falls and secondary injuries

Recommendations for Breeders

DNA Screening

The BTCA Health & Research Committee recommends Optional Degenerative Myelopathy (SOD1 mutation) Genetic Testing for all prospective breeding pairs.

DM demonstrates incomplete penetrance, meaning not every genetically at-risk dog will develop clinical disease. However, responsible testing and informed breeding decisions help reduce risk and support the long-term health of the breed.

*This educational handout compiles public veterinary literature and does not represent original research, official policy, or guidance from the Biewer Terrier Club of America (BTCA). This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional veterinary diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice. Owners of dogs showing new or unusual symptoms should consult a licensed veterinarian immediately. The BTCA Health Committee encourages members to consult qualified veterinary professionals for all canine health decisions.

Educational Resources & Further Information